For the first time, footprints of armored dinosaurs with tail clubs have been identified, following discoveries made in the Canadian Rockies. The 100-million-year-old fossilized footprints were found at sites at both Tumbler Ridge, BC, and northwestern Alberta.
There are two main groups of ankylosaurs. Nodosaurid ankylosaurs have a flexible tail and four toes, while ankylosaurid ankylosaurs have a sledgehammer-like tail club, and only three toes on their feet.
Unlike the well-known ankylosaur footprints called Tetrapodosaurus borealis found across North America, which have four toes, these new tracks have only three—making them the first known examples of ankylosaurid ankylosaur footprints anywhere in the world. The expert team named the new species of this ankylosaurid ankylosaur Ruopodosaurus clava.
It means “the tumbled-down lizard with a club/mace,” referencing both the mountainous location in which these tracks were discovered and the distinctive tail clubs of these dinosaurs.
A research team including Dr. Victoria Arbour, the curator of paleontology at the Royal BC Museum, alongside researchers from the Tumbler Ridge Museum and the Tumbler Ridge UNESCO Global Geopark, report their findings in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
“While we don’t know exactly what the dinosaur that made Ruopodosaurus footprints looked like, we know that it would have been about 5-6 meters long, spiky and armored, and with a stiff tail or a full tail club,” says Arbour, an evolutionary biologist and vertebrate paleontologist who specializes in the study on ankylosaurs.
“Ankylosaurs are my favorite group of dinosaurs to work on, so being able to identify new examples of these dinosaurs in British Columbia is really exciting for me.”
Dr. Charles Helm, scientific advisor at the Tumbler Ridge Museum, had noted the presence of several of these three-toed ankylosaur trackways around Tumbler Ridge for several years, and invited Arbour to work together to identify and interpret them during a visit in 2023.
Eamon Drysdale, curator at the Tumbler Ridge Museum, Roy Rule, geoscientist at the Tumbler Ridge UNESCO Global Geopark, and the late Martin Lockley, formerly of the University of Colorado, contributed to the study.
The tracks date back to the middle of the Cretaceous period, about 100 to 94 million years ago. No bones from ankylosaurids have been found in North America from about 100 to 84 million years ago, leading to some speculation that ankylosaurids had disappeared from North America during this time.
Victoria Arbour with Ruopodosaurus holotype in the field in August 2023: Victoria Arbour (Royal BC Museum) with the type specimen of Ruopodosaurus still in the field at Wolverine River in August 2023. Credit: Royal BC Museum
Calla Scott and Teague Dickson consolidating the Ruopodosaurus holotype before molding in August 2024: Royal BC Museum fossil preparator Calla Scott and former University of Victoria MSc student Teague Dickson apply consolidants to the type specimen of Ruopodosaurus before making a silicone mold in August 2024. Credit: RBCM
Paleontologists from the Tumbler Ridge Museum and Royal BC Museum created a silicone mold of the type specimen of Ruopodosaurus in August 2024. From left to right, Eamon Drysdale (Tumbler Ridge Museum curator). Credit: Royal BC Museum- Victoria Arbour with Ruopodosaurus holotype in the field in August 2023: Victoria Arbour (Royal BC Museum) with the type specimen of Ruopodosaurus still in the field at Wolverine River in August 2023. Credit: Royal BC Museum
- Calla Scott and Teague Dickson consolidating the Ruopodosaurus holotype before molding in August 2024: Royal BC Museum fossil preparator Calla Scott and former University of Victoria MSc student Teague Dickson apply consolidants to the type specimen of Ruopodosaurus before making a silicone mold in August 2024. Credit: RBCM
These footprints show that tail-clubbed ankylosaurs were alive and well in North America during this gap in the skeletal fossil record. The discovery also shows that the two main types of ankylosaurs—nodosaurids and ankylosaurids, including this new three-toed species—coexisted in the same region during this time.
“Ever since two young boys discovered an ankylosaur trackway close to Tumbler Ridge in the year 2000, ankylosaurs and Tumbler Ridge have been synonymous. It is really exciting to now know through this research that there are two types of ankylosaurs that called this region home, and that Ruopodosaurus has only been identified in this part of Canada,” says Helm.
“This study also highlights how important the Peace Region of northeastern BC is for understanding the evolution of dinosaurs in North America—there’s still lots more to be discovered,” says Arbour.
This find gives us a new piece of the puzzle about the ancient creatures that once roamed what is now Canada.
More information: A new thyreophoran ichnotaxon from British Columbia, Canada confirms the presence of ankylosaurid dinosaurs in the mid Cretaceous of North America, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (2025). DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2025.2451319
Journal information: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
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