For over a century, the Cambrian arthropod Helmetia expansa remained a mystery. Discovered by paleontologist Charles Doolittle Walcott in 1918, it was initially classified as a crustacean. Despite frequent mentions in research papers, this species has never been formally described, and only one specimen has ever been illustrated.
Now, in a new study published in the Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, Harvard researchers led by Sarah Losso, postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, formally describe Helmetia expansa, offering new insights into its anatomy, behavior and evolutionary relationships.
Helmetia expansa belongs to a rare group of early arthropods called concilitergans, close relatives of trilobites. Unlike trilobites, concilitergans lacked calcified exoskeletons, so their remains only fossilized under exceptional conditions—like those in the 508-million-year-old Burgess Shale of Canada, where even soft tissues like guts, legs, and gills were preserved.
Although more specimens were collected, only one individual of Helmetia expansa had been figured and no study examined additional material in detail to formally describe the species or clarify concilitergan evolution.
“We need to study more than one specimen to see the species’ full range of morphology and preservation,” said Losso.
The team examined 36 specimens, at the Smithsonian Institution and the Royal Ontario Museum, from the Cambrian Period of the Burgess Shale of Canada. They photographed the specimens, both wet and dry, using a polarizing filter that can better reveal subtle features and extinction phases, and compared them to related species found in the Chengjiang biota in China, and one from the early Cambrian Sirius Passet in Greenland.
Helmetia had a leaf-like exoskeleton, with some specimens preserving eyes, medial eyes, digestive systems and limbs. Early arthropods had limbs with a walking leg for locomotion and food capture, and a gill used for respiration. On the holotype, only the gills are visible—leading past researchers to believe Helmetia lacked legs and swam exclusively. But, the team found broad gills and walking legs in several specimens, showing that they likely walked like trilobites.
Even more surprising were two specimens caught in the early stages of molting, a behavior never before documented in concilitergans.
“Molting strategies have never been known in any concilitergan,” said Losso. “All arthropods molt their hard exoskeletons to grow, but no one had seen this behavior before in a concilitergan because you have to catch a specimen in the act of molting, and it’s difficult to get just the right timing.”
The molting specimens show the new exoskeleton closer to the edge of the head, suggesting the animal exited from the front of the body—similar to horseshoe crabs, which use an anterior exit strategy, unlike most crabs that exit from the rear of the body.
The researchers also discovered a wide range of adult body sizes as Helmetia grew. While the smallest specimen was only 92 millimeters long, one exceeded over 180 millimeters.
“These patterns tell us not only how these 508-million-year-old animals grew, but how big they could get,” Losso said.
Based on updated interpretations of Helmetia expansa’s morphology, the researchers confirmed two main helmetiid groups: the Helmediidae, which includes Helmetia expansa and is characterized by segment boundaries and side spines, and the Tegopeltidae, which is marked by segment fusion and a lack of spines. The researchers also assigned Arthroaspis bergstroemi, known from Greenland since 2013, to the group Conciliterga.
“Our findings give a much fuller picture of what Helmetia looked like, how it lived, and how concilitergans are related to each other,” Losso said, “which is very important for future studies on Conciliterga and other early arthropods.”
More information: Sarah R. Losso et al, Helmetia expansa Walcott, 1918 revisited – new insights into the internal anatomy, moulting and phylogeny of Conciliterga, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (2025). DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2025.2468195
Journal information: Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
Provided by Harvard University