Scientists announced Tuesday they had found the crater from which the oldest known Martian meteorite was originally blasted towards Earth, a discovery that could provide clues into how our own planet was formed.
The meteorite NWA 7034, nicknamed Black Beauty, has fascinated geologists since it was discovered in the Sahara Desert in 2011.
It fits easily in the hand, weighing just over 300 grams (10.6 ounces), and contains a mix of materials including zircons, which date back nearly 4.5 billion years.
“That makes it one of the oldest rocks studied in the history of geology,” Sylvain Bouley, a planetary scientist at France’s Paris-Saclay University, told AFP.
Its journey dates back to the solar system’s infancy, “about 80 million years after the planets began forming”, said Bouley, who co-authored a new study on the meteorite.
Tectonic plates long ago covered up Earth’s ancient crust, meaning that “we have lost this primitive history of our planet”, Bouley said.
But Black Beauty could offer “an open book on a planet’s first moments”, he added.
To open that book, a team of researchers at Australia’s Curtin University set out to find the meteorite’s original home on Mars.
They knew that it was likely an asteroid hitting the red planet that sent Black Beauty shooting up into space.
The impact “had enough force to eject the rocks at very high speed—more than five kilometers (three miles) a second—to escape the Martian gravity”, Curtin’s Anthony Lagain, the lead author of the study in Nature Communications, told AFP.
Such a crater would have to be massive—at least three kilometers in diameter.
The problem? The pockmarked surface of Mars has around 80,000 craters at least that big.
Following the clues
But the researchers had a clue: by measuring Black Beauty’s exposure to cosmic rays, they knew it was dislodged from its first home around five million years ago.
“So, we were looking for a crater that was very young and large,” Lagain said.
Another clue was that its composition showed it had suddenly heated up around 1.5 million years ago—likely by the impact of a second asteroid.
The team then created an algorithm and used a supercomputer to trawl through images of 90 million craters taken by a NASA satellite.
That narrowed it down to 19 craters, allowing the researchers to rule out the remaining suspects.
They found that Black Beauty was dug up from its first home by an asteroid that struck around 1.5 billion years ago, forming the 40-kilometer Khujirt crater.
Then a few million years ago, another asteroid hit not far away, creating the 10-kilometer Karratha crater and shooting the Black Beauty towards Earth.
The region in Mars’ southern hemisphere is rich in the elements potassium and thorium, just like Black Beauty.
Another factor was that Black Beauty is the only Martian meteorite that is highly magnetized.
“The region where Karratha was found is the most magnetized on Mars,” Lagain said.
Known as the Terra Cimmeria—Sirenum province, it is “a relic of the early crustal processes on Mars, and thus, a region of high interest for future missions,” the study said.
Bouley pointed to a “bias” in the currently planned missions to Mars in favor of searching for signs of water and life.
But to understand how planets first form would answer some fundamental questions, Lagain said, including “how Earth became such an exceptional planet in the Universe”.
More information: Anthony Lagain, Early crustal processes revealed by the ejection site of the oldest martian meteorite, Nature Communications (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31444-8. www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31444-8
Journal information: Nature Communications.